False Garlic
Nothoscordum bivalve
Lily family (Liliaceae)
Description:
This herbaceous perennial plant consists of a loose rosette of 2-5
ascending basal leaves, from which a flowering stalk develops. The
basal leaves are 4-12" long and 2-5 mm. across; they are medium green,
hairless, linear in shape, and somewhat truncate at their tips. Leaf
venation is
parallel. The flowering stalk is 6-16" tall and more or less
erect; it is medium green, hairless, terete (circular in
cross-section), and hollow. This stalk terminates in a simple umbel of
flowers about ¾–1¼" across, consisting of 4-8 flowers and their
pedicels. The umbel has a short obconic shape, and it is more
or less flat-headed. Individual flowers
are about ½" long and similarly across. Each flower
has 6 tepals that are primarily white, 6 stamens, and a
superior ovary with a
single style. The interior base of the tepals is usually yellow, while
the
exterior of each tepal has a longitudinal vein that is often reddish or
greenish. The tepals are elliptic or lanceolate-oblong in shape. The
anthers of the stamens are bright yellow, while their filaments are
white, pale yellow, or pale green. The pedicels are medium
green, hairless, slender, and straight to slightly incurved; they are
about ½–¾" long during
the blooming period, but become up to 1½" long afterwards. At the base
of the umbel of flowers, there is a pair of membranous bracts that are
about ½" in length and
lanceolate in shape; they eventually wither away. The
blooming period occurs from mid-spring to late spring, while a second
blooming period sometimes occurs during the autumn. There is no
noticeable floral scent. Afterwards, the flowers are replaced by seed
capsules. These capsules are 6-8 mm. long, globoid-obovoid and
slightly 3-lobed in shape, and hairless. Immature capsules are green,
while mature capsules become light tan, dividing into 3 parts to
release their seeds. There are about 4-6 black seeds for each lobe
of a divided capsule. The root system consists of a bulb about ½"
across with fibrous roots below. The exterior of the bulb is brown and
membranous, while the interior is white and fleshy. Both the foliage
and bulb of this plant lack a noticeable garlic or onion aroma.
Occasionally, basal offsets occur, creating clumps of clonal plants.
Cultivation:
The preference is an open area with full or partial sunlight, moist to
dry-mesic conditions, and a slightly acidic to alkaline soil containing
rocky material or sand.
Range
& Habitat: The native False
Garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve) occurs occasionally in
southern Illinois and rarely in central Illinois, while in the
northern section of the state it is absent (see Distribution
Map).
This
plant is found primarily in the southeastern United States and Southern
Plains region of the country. Illinois lies along its northern
range-limit. Habitats include upland prairies, hill prairies, sandy or
silty
riverbottom prairies, rocky glades (including limestone, dolomite, and
chert glades), open upland woodlands, upland savannas, and thinly
wooded bluffs. In Illinois, False Garlic is found in higher quality
natural areas, where it probably benefits from occasional wildfires and
other kinds of disturbance if it reduces competition from woody plants.
Faunal
Associations: The nectar of the flowers attracts
cuckoo bees (Nomada
spp.), green metallic bees (Augochlorella spp.)
and other Halictid
bees, Andrenid bees (Andrena spp.), bee
flies, and small to
medium-sized butterflies. One of the Andrenid bees, Andrena
nothoscordi, is a specialist pollinator (oligolege or
monolege) of
False Garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve). This bee and
other small bees also
collect pollen from the flowers. Syrphid flies may visit the flowers
occasionally to feed on the pollen, but they are less effective at
cross-pollination. White-tailed Deer have been observed to feed on the
foliage of False Garlic in areas of south Texas with loam or
clay-loam soil (Chamrad & Box, 1968), although some authors
consider this plant to be poisonous (Pammel, 1911). There is also
sophisticated archaeological evidence that prehistoric people,
thousands of years ago, cooked the bulbs of this plant in rock ovens in
east Texas (Short et al., 2015).
Photographic
Location: A
prairie at a nature preserve in Fayette County, Illinois. The
photographs were taken by Keith & Patty Horn (Copyright © 2016).
Comments:
False Garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve) resembles
several other species in
the Lily family (Liliaceae), especially native Allium spp.
(Wild
Garlic, etc.). This plant can be distinguished from this latter group
of species by the lack of a noticeable garlic or onion aroma from
its foliage and bulbs when they are rubbed or crushed. In
addition, False Garlic never produces aerial bulblets in its
inflorescence. Unlike many similar species in the Lily family, False
Garlic has flowers with a yellow base and its basal leaves often
have tips that are more truncate than rounded or pointed.
Recently, the Lily
family has been divided into several families of plants as a result of
DNA analysis. Another common name of Nothoscordum bivalve
is Crow
Poison. The latter name suggests that this plant is poisonous, but the
available evidence on this matter is contradictory.